•  The heat of vaporization of water is expressed as the calories absorbed per  gram of vaporized water.

•  It is a bond by which amino acids are linked together. It is formed by amino group of one amino acid and carboxyl group of the adjacent one.

•  The temperature of the remaining 998 ml of water will be lowered by 1 C. 

•  Anabolism is the sum of reactions in which simpler substances are chemically combined to form complex substances. Catabolism is the sum of reactions in which complex substances are broken down to simpler ones so as to release energy.

• The water molecules give rise to H+ and OH ions.

• How are the four bonds arrangzed when a carbon atom combines with four atoms or radicals of some other elements?

•  The four bonds are arrangedsymmetrically in a tetraheddron.

• The percentage of water in human bone cells is 20% and in brain cells is 85%.

• The specific heat capacity of water means the number of calories required to raise the temperature of one gram of water to 1 C.

•  The micromolecules of cellulose are glucose molecules; of Fat are fatty acids and of protein are the amino acids.

• carbon is the basic organic componds..

• The covalent bond stores large amount of energy. 

•  The amount of water in different organisms varies from 65 to 89 percent.

•  A reaction between a compond and water, Particularly the one involving H+ and OH ions is called hydrolysis.

•  Substrate is the substance on which enzyme acts

Or

• Substrate is the non-living material on which an  organism lives or grows.

• Prosthetic group is the non-protein part of an enzyme which is covalently bonded to the proteins (enzyme).

• The Co-enzyme is the non-protein part (co-factor_ of an enzyme, if it is an organic compound.

•  The detachable co-factor is known as an activator, if it is an inorganic ion.

•  Active site is the small protein of the enzyme to which is its catalytic activity restricted.

•  The enzyme is a proteinaceous compound that catalyses biochemical reactions.

• The Biochemical reactions would operate but at such a show speed that life would be impossible.

•  some enzyme require a co-factor for their proper functioning.

•  The define regions are the binding site and the catalytic site.

•  The enzymes are found in the mitochondria.

•  An enzyme whose cofactor has been removed, rendering it catalytically inactive is known as an Apoenzyme. When Apoenzyme is combined with its co-enzyme, it forms a Holoenzyme (Complete enzyme).

• The cofactor is a non-protein substance that helps an enzyme to carry out its activity.

•  The active  site of the enzyme is a threee dimensional cavity bearing a specific charge by which the enzyme reacts with its substrate.

•  The increase in the substrates PH, temperature and concentration within certain limits increases the rate of operation of the enzyme.

•  Robert Hooke used the word "Cell" in living beings in 1665.

• This was said by a German Physician  Rudolp Virchow.

• Lamarck said in 1809 "No body can have life, if its constituent parts are not cellular tissue or are not formed by cellular tissue.

•  Egg of the ostrich is the largest cell in this world.

•  Phloem cells transport food in plants.

• The sclarenchymatous cell provide support  to plants.

• The cell is the unit of the structure and functions of the body organization of the living beings.

•  The living things are chemical organization composed of cells and capable of reproducing themselves.

• All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

    All cells arises from preexisting cells.
    Cell is the basis structural as well as functional unit for all organisms.

•  Virus can  be defined as a non-cellular infectious entity which contains either RNA or DNA normally encared in protein coat and reproduces only in living hos   t cells.

• .The scientific names of onion is allium cepa: of amaltas is cassia fistula : of man is Homo sapiens:of potato is solanum tuberosum and of tomato is solanum esculentun.

• .Edward jenner introduced the technique of vaccination in 1796.

• The ate the phylum class, order , family genus and species.

• The viruses that live as parasites in the becteria are called bacteriophages.

• The first part of the scientific name represents the genus and the second part represents.

                                         Or

• The firs part of the scientific name is the generic name and the second part is the specific name.

• Species is a group of individuals which resemble with one another and can freely breed among themselves in nature to produce fertile offspring.

• Kingdom Monera includes prokaryotic unicellular organisms such as bacteria.

• Robert whittaker distinguished fungi as a separate and independent kingdom in 1969.

•  Rabies is a madness disease which is transmitted to human beings by the bite of rabid dogs, foxes, cats, bats and some other animals.

• Robert Koch formulated "green theory of disease".

• Some members of the genus Mycoplasma are the smallest bacteria which are about 100 to 200 nanometer  in diameter.

•  These are the Cocci . bacilli and spiral.

• The bacteria which exist in a variety of shapes are known as polymorphic.

•  The arrangements are diplococcus, streptococcus, tetrad , sarcina and staphylococcus.

•  The arrangement is called diplobacillus when bacilli occur in pair.

• The examples of cocci are diplococcus pneumoniae and staphulococcus aurous whereas those of bacilli are Escherichia coli, Bacillus Subtilis and pseudomonas.

•  The Vibro is curved or comma shaped rod;  spirillum as spiral while spirochete is a thin flexibel spiral.

• The name Epulopisium Fishelsoni, it size is 600 um by 80 um.

• The Bactria are found in the air, on land,  in the soil, in water in oil deposits, in decaying organic matter and in the bodies of plants, animals and man.

•  The are the preparation of vaccines for the diseases anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies (hydrophobia) introduced of pasteurization process and development of fermentation industries.

• The ciliates have two kinds of nuclei smaller one or more diploid micronuclei and a larger polyploid macronucleus. The former function is sexual process and the letter control cell metabolism and growth.

•  Green algae are the ancestors of green plants.

• The zooflagellates may be free living symbionts or parasites.

•  Plasmodium is a feeding stage of slime mould which is in the form of a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm that can grow to 30 cm.

 

•  Some red algae incorporated calcium carbonate in their cell  walls from the ocean and take part in building coral reefs along with coral animals.

• The giant amocbas get energy From methanogenic (which from merhane) bacteria while live within their bodies.

Paragraph on Quaid-e-Azam

Quaid-e-Azam was born in Karachi on 29 December 1876. His Father name Jinnah Punjab. He has Completed his education first at Karachi and then in England. On his return to India his started his practise as a Lawyer He was efficient person. He joined the Indian National Congress but soon left it and Joined the Muslim League with his great and wish Leader ship, He started log and hard campaign to get a separate home land from the Muslim. Finally he had succeeded it on 14th August 1947. a newly created name Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam became his first Governor General unfortunately only after twelve months of creating of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam died on 11 September 1948

HEAT:
        Heat is a form of energy. It flow from hot body to cold body.
The flow of heat stops when the temperature of two bodies is ame. The bodies are said to be in "THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM" .
        The heat lost by hot body is equal to the heat gained by the cold body. This is known as "LAW OF HEAT EXCHANGE".

          Mathematically,

                              ΔQ  = ΔQ  

                                                     Lost     Gained  

UNITS:-
          The heat is measured in joules (J), Calorie is old unit of heat.
                                  4.2 cal  =  1j.
TEMPERATURE:-
                             The temperature determines the direction of the flow of heat. When , two bodies are brought in to thermal contact.

THERMOMETER

It is an instrument which is used to measure the temperature . It consists of a capillary glass tube, having bulb at the one end. The bulb is filled with mercury, the melting of ice and boiling point of water are marked on it.

Scales of temperature 

The following on the scales of the temperature

1) Celsius - OR Centigrade scale:-

                                                         In this scale the melting point of ice is snaked at '0' and boiling point of water is marked at '100'. The interval b/w these two fixed points it in divided into hundred (100) equal parts each part is called centigrade degree (1°C)

Fahrenheit Scale:-

                              In this scale melting point of ice is marked 32 boiling point of water 212. The internal is divided into 180 equal parts.

        The centigrade scale and Fahrenheit scale are related as

                        C   =  F - 32 

                        100        180

      OR             C  =  F - 32

                         5          9

3) Kelvin Scale -OR- Absolute scale:-

                                                            In this scale the melting point of ice is marked 273 and boiling point mete   r marked 373, the internal is divided into 0 equal parts, this means that the magnitude of Celsius degree and kelvin degree is same

                   They are related as

                                                   K°= °C+273.

Relation b/w Kelvin and Fahrenheit scale is

                                                   F° =  5°C (F-32) =273.

  All the following three scales of temperature are gives as the following figure.

                          °C            F°            K°    

                          100        212           273

                    ⇧        ⇧          ⇧ 

                   100     180       100

                      

                                       

                         ↓         ↓              ↓

                        0         32          273.

                   

     

            

                                                                       

STOPPING BY WOOD ON A SNOWY EVENING "Summary"

This poem is written by the American poet Robert Frost. He was born in San Francisco, California on 26 March 1874 . He died on 29 January, 1963 in Boston  Frost used in his poetry, the language of everyday life and depicted scenes from the Common man's experiences and from Country life. He received many honours for his poetry.
In this Poem the poet describes the scene of forest in winter reason he  known the owner of the forest who lives in the Village.
               The Poet is siding a horse. He stops to watch and enjoy the beauty of snow flakes Falling. These near by.
                 It is the darkest evening Instinctively the house shake its bells, fined on its strips, us if to enquire here is no danger to stop at a lonely place on the darkest evening the was on other sound except the sound of soft wind and falling of the ting flakes.
                 The Poet finds the forest very lovely dark and deep. He want to stay and enjoy the beautiful scenes but he has to Leave the place because he has a long distance to cover to reach his destination before the might falls.

Children "Summary"

This touching and Lovely Poem "Children" written by Henry Long Fellow. In this poem the poet describes his feeling towards children and Calls them to him so that he may enjoy their company. He says that the time and age bring Knowledge and wisdom. to a person, but they also bring along worries and troubles, He Compare himself to Children's happiness. The children are source of joy and Pleasure to the poet. He wants to get pleasure and company of children in order to forget his worries, The Poet  think that without children the world would be useless, dark and value less . He says that the Children are better than all the Poems that have ever been written.

The Daffodils "Summary"

"The Daffodils" Composed by "William words worths. He was a famous English Poet and is remembered as the poet of "Nature"
"The Daffodils are beautiful yellow flowers, which grow in the English Country side. It comes into followers in early spring. In this poem he says that one day as he was walking alone by himself all of a sudden he saw a beautiful seen of a large number of "Daffodils growing under the trees and the side of the lake. The seen of the take was so charming that the poet hearth was filled with joy.
The seen of these Golden Daffodils after comes to his memory and fills his heart with joy and happiness.

The Last Sermon Of The Holy Prophet (Peace be upon him) "Summary"

Hazrat Muhammad (Peace be upon him) the prophet of islam, was born in 571* A.D at Makkah. He belonged to the noble family of Quraish. Hazrat Muhammad (Peach be upon him) asked the Quraish not to worship their false God. He told them to worship the one and the only true God. Most of them refused to accept Islam . Their opposition to Islam become so fierce and terrible that he had to ask the believer to migrate to Medina. In 622 A.D the Prophet (Peace be upon him) himself accompanied by his faithful friend Hazrat Abu Bakar, migrated to Medina. This event is known in history as the "Hijra".

In Medina, the Prophet (Peace be upon him) founded an Islamic Society, based on the three principles, that all Power belongs to God. Muhammad (Peace be upon him) is his Prophet, and all Muslims are brothers to one another. In the 10th years of Hijra, the Prophet together with his followers went to Perform Hajj at Makkah. on this historic occasion he addressed a very large gathering of Muslims on Mount Arafat.

Although the Prophet (Peace be upon him) is no more with us, we have the Holy Quran to give us guidance. We should read it daily and try to understand what it teaches.

THE MAN OF LIFE UPRIGHT

 REFERENCE: These lines have been taken from the poem, "THE  MEN OF LIFEUPRIGHT", written by Thomas Campion.

context:            The poem is simple in language but packed with deepest meaning. The words are beautifully chosen and are related to the subject. A noble man owns virtues of body and soul. He is honest, simple, sincere and religious. He leads strictly honourable and honest life. He seeks guidance from heaven and keeps himself away from the worldly wishes.